Quantitative Analysis Chapt 5(3)

Cumulative Distribution Functions is a cuulative view of probability distribution, It takes a probability mass funciton, such as a bell curve. The common question is asked what is the prbability that the outcome is less than or equal to that value? the normal curve tells you what the probability is for a given outcome. The cumulative distribution function (cdf)completely decribeds the prbability distribution of a real valued random variable. A CDF captures the range of possible outcomes of many valued uncertain quantities. CDF plots display exactly the sme iformation as do histograms. The difference is that the histogram values are summed as the fluorescence intensity increases, thus, the CDF begins at 0% and ends at 100%. CDF plots are extremely useful for quickly finding the fluorescence of a distribution corresponding to any given percentile. The sample plot below shows how to find the numbes.

Quantitative Analysis Chapt 5(2)

Regression is the study of relationships among variables, a principal purpose of which is to predict, or estimate the value of one variable fromknown or assumed values of other variables related to it.
Variable of inerest: to make predictions or estimates we must idendify the effective predictors of the variable of interest: which variables are important indicators and can be measured at the least cost, which carry only a little informaiton, and which are redundant. Predicting the future: predicting a change over time or extrapolating from present conditons to furture conditions is not the function of regression analysis. To make estimate of the future, use time series analysis.
Linear regression models are used in a variety of business situations to determine relationships between variables that analysts believe intuitively to be related. Regresson analysis involves gathering sufficient data to dtermine the relationship between the variables.
Multiple regression: where there are two or more predictors, multiple regression analysis is employed.

Quantitative Analysis Chapt 5(1)

A cash flow statement is one of the most important financial statements for a project or business. The statement can be as simple as a one page analysis or may involve several schedules that feed information into a central statement. a cash flow statement is a listing of the flows of cash into and out of the business or project. Think of it as my checking account at the bank. Deposits are the cash inflow and withdrawals are the cash outflows. The balance in my checking account is my net cah flow at specific point in time. It is listing of cash flows that occurred during the past accouting period. A projection of future flows of cash is called a cash flow budget. it is not only concerned with the amount of the cash flows but also the timing of the flows. many cash flows are construected with multiple time periods. It may list monthly cash inflows and outflows over a year's time. it not only projects the cash balance remain at the end of the year but also the cash balance for each month. working capital is an important part of a cash flow analysis. it is defined as the amount of money needed to facilitate business operations and transactions, and is calculated as current assets less current liabilities. Computing the amount of working capital giges you a quick analysis of the liquidity of the business over the future accounting period. if working capital appears to be sufficient, developing a cash flow budget may be not critical, But if working capital appers to be insufficient, a cash flow budget may highlight liuidity problems that may occur during the coming year.

Orgnanization Behavior Chapter 4 (3)

The leadership VCM Model proposes that vision, commitment and management skills are three characters in leader's personal profile. To understand an organization, we have to consider all of its components. Organization are networks of related parts. six elements define organizations, stategy, plicies and procedures, organizaional structures, systems, climate, and culture.
Strategy. it describes an explicit or implicit plan for success in the marketplace.
Plicies and procedures. Policies are formal rules that , in all but small companies, are captured in a handbookd while procedures are the obervable ways in which a company conducts business,
Organizaitona structures. It is a frequent subject of discussion in corporate meetins and is also an important tool for managing organizaional behavor. Most company use some mix of structures to accomplish their goals. Line and staff employees can be organized along the following lines: functional, product, customer, geographic, divisonal, matrix and amorphous. Funcitonal form divids work by tasks, such as advertising, accounting, finance and sales, services. Divisions are independent businesses operating under the umbrella of a parent corporation. Matrix structure departs from the principle of unity of command. The matrix is common in buiness involved in large and comlex projects tht require highly specialized skills. Amorphous structure is no formal struture at all. it is free bird, highly motivated and productive managers create and dissovle reporting relationships as the task at hand requires. Hybrid are compsed of a mix of operational structures.
Systems. Each organization develops systems for allocating, controlling and monitoring money, things and people. it fall into one of six categories: money, object, people allocation, control and monitoring. future anticipation, people reward and incentives, integrative.
Climate. Refers to the emotional state of an organization's members.
Culture. It is the mix of behaviors, thoughts, beliefs symbols and artifacts that are conveyed to people throughout an organization over time.
These six elements dynamically affect one another. each element interacts with the enviroment as a business strives toward its goals.

Organizaitonal behavior Chapter 4(2)

Motivation, it is so important to everyone for doing everything, it is an elusive animal that all organizations want to capture. Motivation = expectation of work will lead to performance x expectation performance will lead to reward x value of reward. Behavior is motivated by the urge to satify needs, motivation will be enhanced by maximizing the motivators or satisfiers on the job and minimizing the dissatisfiers or maintence factors. A promotion or an award can be a satifier, Maintenance fators don't necessarily bring hapiness, but they are expected. A safe place to work and a living wge are typical maintenance factors. employee motivation is a function of meeting an emplyee's hierarchy of needs. The hyerarchy is frequently depicted as a pyramid. The need for food and water is at the bottom of the pyramid, followed by the need for safty, the need to belong, and the need for status, while self-actualization needs are seen as the highest order of needs, the need for achievement, the need of power, and the need for affiliation. Just like discipline children, we give them what they want, but they need to follow your order and do what they need to do.

Organizational Behavior Chapter 4 (1)

OB teaches how to deal with human challenges in the workplace. Human challenges include follow the rules, sexism, racial, prejudice, etc... Three steps to solve the OB problems: problem definition, analysis and action planning. Pay attention to the cause of the problem, not the problem itself, find out the gap. Problem has three levels: within or between certian people, within or between grops, within the whole organization. , each level had to successfully solve it. Find most important problem and solve them first as priority is the source problems. Eliminate the source, eliminate the symptoms. Second, analysis. after defining the gaps and using causal chains, we link the problems to their causes, try to understand the causes. As in a marketing lan, there are many possible avenues for action available to achieve a sucessful resolution to a problem. Third, action planinng. set specific goals, define activites, resources needed, responsibilities, set a timetable for action, forecast outcomes, develop contingencies, formulate a detaled plan of action in time sequence, implement, supervise execution and evaluate based on goals in step one.